1D System identification of a 54‐story steel frame building by seismic interferometry          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammadtaghi Rahmani  Maria I. Todorovska 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(4):627-640

A 54‐story steel, perimeter‐frame building in downtown Los Angeles, California, is identified by a wave method using records of the Northridge earthquake of 1994 (M_L = 6.4, R = 32 km). The building is represented as a layered shear beam and a torsional shaft, characterized by the corresponding velocities of vertically propagating waves through the structure. The previously introduced waveform inversion algorithm is applied, which fits in the least squares sense pulses in low‐pass filtered impulse response functions computed at different stories. This paper demonstrates that layered shear beam and torsional shaft models are valid for this building, within bands that include the first five modes of vibration for each of the North–South (NS), East–West (EW), and torsional responses (0–1.7 Hz for NS and EW, and 0–3.5 Hz for the torsional response). The observed pulse travel time from ground floor to penthouse level is τ ≈1.5 s for NS and EW and τ ≈ 0.9 s for the torsional responses. The identified equivalent uniform shear beam wave velocities are β_eq ≈ 140 m/s for NS and EW responses, and 260 m/s for torsion, and the apparent Q ≈ 25 for the NS and torsional, and ≈14 for the EW response. Across the layers, the wave velocity varied 90–170 m/s for the NS, 80–180 m/s for the EW, and 170–350 m/s for the torsional responses. The identification method is intended for use in structural health monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Implementation of online model updating in hybrid simulation          下载免费PDF全文

M. Javad Hashemi  Armin Masroor  Gilberto Mosqueda 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(3):395-412

Hybrid simulation combines numerical and experimental methods for cost‐effective, large‐scale testing of structures under simulated earthquake loading. Structural system level response can be obtained by expressing the equation of motion for the combined experimental and numerical substructures, and solved using time‐stepping integration similar to pure numerical simulations. It is often assumed that a reliable model exists for the numerical substructures while the experimental substructures correspond to parts of the structure that are difficult to model. A wealth of data becomes available during the simulation from the measured experiment response that can be used to improve upon the numerical models, particularly if a component with similar structural configuration and material properties is being tested and subjected to a comparable load pattern. To take advantage of experimental measurements, a new hybrid test framework is proposed with an updating scheme to update the initial modeling parameters of the numerical model based on the instantaneously‐measured response of the experimental substructures as the test progresses. Numerical simulations are first conducted to evaluate key algorithms for the selection and calibration of modeling parameters that can be updated. The framework is then expanded to conduct actual hybrid simulations of a structural frame model including a physical substructure in the laboratory and a numerical substructure that is updated during the tests. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated for a simple frame structure but is extendable to more complex structural behavior and models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hybrid simulation testing of a self‐centering rocking steel braced frame system          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew R. Eatherton  Jerome F. Hajjar 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(11):1725-1742

The self‐centering rocking steel frame is a seismic force resisting system in which a gap is allowed to form between a concentrically braced steel frame and the foundation. Downward vertical force applied to the rocking frame by post‐tensioning acts to close the uplifting gap and thus produces a restoring force. A key feature of the system is replaceable energy‐dissipating devices that act as structural fuses by producing high initial system stiffness and then yielding to dissipate energy from the input loading and protect the remaining portions of the structure from damage. In this research, a series of large‐scale hybrid simulation tests were performed to investigate the seismic performance of the self‐centering rocking steel frame and in particular, the ability of the controlled rocking system to self‐center the entire building. The hybrid simulation experiments were conducted in conjunction with computational modules, one that simulated the destabilizing P‐Δ effect and another module that simulated the hysteretic behavior of the rest of the building including simple composite steel/concrete shear beam‐to‐column connections and partition walls. These tests complement a series of quasi‐static cyclic and dynamic shake table tests that have been conducted on this system in prior work. The hybrid simulation tests validated the expected seismic performance as the system was subjected to ground motions in excess of the maximum considered earthquake, produced virtually no residual drift after every ground motion, did not produce inelasticity in the steel frame or post‐tensioning, and concentrated the inelasticity in fuse elements that were easily replaced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Innovative substructuring technique for hybrid simulation of multistory buildings through collapse          下载免费PDF全文

M. Javad Hashemi  Gilberto Mosqueda 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(14):2059-2074

Hybrid simulation combines numerical and experimental methods for cost‐effective, large‐scale testing of structures under simulated dynamic earthquake loads. Particularly for experimental seismic collapse simulation of structures, hybrid testing can be an attractive alternative to earthquake simulators due to the limited capacity of most facilities and the difficulties and risks associated with a collapsing structure on a shaking table. The benefits of hybrid simulation through collapse can be further enhanced through accurate and practical substructuring techniques that do not require testing the entire structure. An innovative substructuring technique for hybrid simulation of structures subjected to large deformations is proposed to simplify the boundary conditions by overlapping the domains between the numerical and experimental subassemblies. The advantages of this substructuring technique are the following: it requires only critical components of the structure to be tested experimentally; it reduces the number of actuators at the interface of the experimental subassemblies; and it can be implemented using typically available equipment in laboratories. Compared with previous overlapping methods that have been applied in hybrid simulation, this approach requires additional sensing in the hybrid simulation feedback loop to obtain internal member forces, but provides significantly better accuracy in the highly nonlinear range. The proposed substructuring technique is verified numerically and validated experimentally, using the response of a four‐story moment‐resisting frame that was previously tested to collapse on an earthquake simulator. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Establishing a predictive performance indicator for real‐time hybrid simulation          下载免费PDF全文

Amin Maghareh  Shirley J. Dyke  Arun Prakash  Gregory B. Bunting 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(15):2299-2318

Real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is increasingly being recognized as a powerful cyber‐physical technique that offers the opportunity for system evaluation of civil structures subject to extreme dynamic loading. Advances in this field are enabling researchers to evaluate new structural components/systems in cost‐effective and efficient ways, under more realistic conditions. For RTHS, performance metric clearly needs to be developed to predict and evaluate the accuracy of various partitioning choices while incorporating the dynamics of the transfer system, and computational/communication delays. In addition, because of the dynamics of the transfer system, communication delays, and computation delays, the RTHS equilibrium force at the interface between numerical and physical substructures is subject to phase discrepancy. Thus, the transfer system dynamics must be accommodated by appropriate actuator controllers. In this paper, a new performance indicator, predictive performance indicator (PPI), is proposed to assess the sensitivity of an RTHS configuration to any phase discrepancy resulting from transfer system dynamics and computational/communication delays. The predictive performance indicator provides a structural engineer with two sets of information as follows: (i) in the absence of a reference response, what is the level of fidelity of the RTHS response? and (ii) if needed, what partitioning adjustments can be made to effectively enhance the fidelity of the response? Moreover, along with the RTHS stability switch criterion, this performance metric may be used as an acceptance criteria for conducting single‐degree‐of‐freedom RTHS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Series expansion of complex ground amplifications with a sequence of simple transfer functions          下载免费PDF全文

Hiroyuki Goto 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(13):1975-1997

Amplification of earthquake ground motions at actual deposit sites is an important factor to consider when assessing the risk of an earthquake disaster. In order to identify the amplification properties, several preprocessings such as the Fourier transform are required. I propose a series expansion of the amplification with simple ground transfer functions as a new preprocessing. I define a sequence of transfer functions based on a two‐layered structure excluding an internal damping and a function space spanned by the set of the functions. I mathematically prove that the function space is equal to L² space. This indicates that all the functions belonging to L² space, that is, an arbitrary ground amplification, have a unique series expansion. This expansion is applied to the physics‐based decomposition of the amplification. Some numerical examples indicate that the similarity between a target complex structure and a simple model is measured by the absolute value of each coefficient in the series expansion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Simulation of scree‐slope dynamics: investigating the distribution of debris avalanche events in an idealized two‐dimensional model          下载免费PDF全文

Mike Bithell  Keith S. Richards  Erica G. Bithell 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1601-1610

We present a two‐dimensional model of the development of scree slopes using the discrete‐element method. We concentrate on the dynamics of the accumulating debris at the cliff foot rather than on the failure modes of the cliff‐face or shape of the underlying rock surface. The evolution of this unconsolidated material is intermittent and systematically changing over time, with an early high disturbance regime, dominated by a characteristic event size (where 65% of particles in the debris are in motion to some extent), replaced at later times by many shallow slides interspersed with infrequent large events that involve motion through almost the full scree depth. These large slides lead to a stratigraphy in which the layers of material are stretched almost horizontal near the base of the slope. The scree surface thus shows a gradient in age with most recent rock‐fall close to the cliff and the oldest rock‐fall debris outcropping at the foot. The final surface slope tends to show little curvature, and the final mean slope is well correlated with the angle of internal friction of the particles, although the change is very small over a wide range of friction angles [final slope (in degrees relative to horizontal) ~ 0.043 × internal friction angle + 17.49, with a correlation coefficient of 0.89, p‐value 0.0001]. Some weak size‐segregation of the debris is found, but this seems to have little to do with individual particles bounding down the slope. The shape of the rock core agrees largely with the analytic forms given by Fisher–Lehmann and Bakker–Le Heux expressions, but the original simple Fisher quadratic can give the best fit. Overall the evolution shows a remarkable insensitivity to the model parameters, suggesting that the controls on dry scree‐slope evolution are primarily geometric in character. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

城市垃圾填埋场振动台试验的数值模拟研究     

邓学晶  邹德高  孔宪京 《岩土力学》2012,33(2):623-627

对填埋场振动台模型试验进行非线性数值分析,并与试验结果相互补充、印证,进一步考察填埋场的地震响应规律。研究表明,特殊的夹层结构形式导致水平地震作用下城市垃圾填埋场存在两个主要的响应频率,在这两个主要频率附近模型顶部取得峰值加速度响应;不考虑其他因素的影响,填埋场防渗层的地震永久位移与输入地震动的水平位移振幅近似呈正比关系;坡比是影响填埋场覆盖层和衬垫层永久位移最主要的因素。  相似文献   

高黏性铝土矿放矿流动性试验与微观力学研究     

张春阳  曹平  范祥  林杭  万琳辉 《岩土力学》2012,33(6):1653-1659

根据中铝洛阳铝矿实际情况,结合放矿力学理论、室内相似试验和离散元数值模拟技术,从宏观和微观两方面深入地研究了矿仓放矿机制以及影响矿石流动性的主要因素。颗粒流数值模拟再现了放矿过程中矿石颗粒间以及颗粒与仓壁间相互作用力的动态变化过程。根据研究结果,设计了一种全新的仓内悬垂式振动助流器,并进行了现场试验,取得了很好的助流效果。它不但很好地改善了矿石流动性,解决了困扰洛阳铝矿几十年的矿仓堵塞、卡斗、起拱问题,优化了矿石和仓壁间的力学关系,减小了仓壁所受的动态接触压力,而且也大幅提高了矿仓放矿效率及生产安全系数,降低了工人的劳动强度。  相似文献   

含软弱夹层岩体边坡爆破层裂特性及稳定性研究     

郝亚飞  李海波  郭学彬  张继春  夏祥  莫振泽 《岩土力学》2012,33(4):1178-1184

基于爆破相似理论建立含软弱夹层顺层岩体边坡爆破的力学模型,并介绍模型爆破层裂试验和剪切试验的设计思路及试验方法。以某石灰石矿采场黏土质夹层物为软弱夹层原料,通过相似模型试验研究爆破作用下含软弱夹层岩体边坡的层裂特性及稳定性。试验结果表明,爆破后可将软弱夹层分为爆腔区、压密区、影响区和无扰动区;爆腔区、压密区和影响区构成模型层裂区;爆前模型抗滑稳定安全系数最大、爆后次之、爆破过程中最小;层裂范围直接影响模型抗滑稳定安全系数。软弱夹层厚度对模型的层裂范围和抗滑稳定安全系数有较大影响。  相似文献